The poem is written in iambic pentameter. Throughout the poem, Browning uses a heroic couplet in order to signify his grandiose nature; he views himself as a superior being who nobody can ever surpass. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Edmund Spenser used it in The Faerie Queene: Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske, As time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds, Am now enforst a far unfitter taske, What rhyme scheme is used in My Last Duchess? Nay, well goTogether down, sir. It first appeared in 1842 in Browning's Dramatic Lyrics. The poem is written with rhymed couplets. Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall, / Looking as if she were alive. He thinks it would be trifling to do so. Would draw from her alike the approving speech, Or blush, at least. He is the servant of a Count in the land, and they are trying to arrange a marriage between the Duke and the Counts daughter. Analysis of the Robert Browning's Poem 'My Last Duchess'. Loosely based in the paternalistic patriarchal society that was the Renaissance period, the poet Robert Browning adopts the persona of the Duke Ferrara, in ' My Last Duchess '. Whod stoop to blameThis sort of trifling? The Themes, Styles, and Techniques of Emily Dickinson The first thing you need to understand is an iambic "foot": an iambic foot is two syllables, the first unstressed and the second stressed. He also describes how he was recently married, inspired by a portrait of his late wife. Whod stoop to blame, In speech(which I have not)to make your will, Quite clear to such an one, and say, Just this. This is why we present the books compilations in this website. Everyone is familiar with Henry the VIII and his many wives whom he accused and executed when he tired of him. oh, drat, your eyes are glazing over. The Petrarchan sonnet is divided into an 8-lined octave that creates a situation and a 6 line sestet that comments on the situation. Because of these techniques, the poem has a conversational quality and can be read as a long speech. Time does not bring relief; you all have lied, https://poemanalysis.com/poetic-meter/iambic-pentameter/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. One writer in particular was famed for using it, William Shakespeare, although he was not the first, Chaucer used it to good effect before him, as you'll see in these iambic pentameter examples: Her vestal livery is but sick and green The rhyme contains 28 iambic pentameter rhymes. These lines have a total of six and four syllables. Shakespeare wrote iambic pentameter because that was the most common verse meter of the time. The life of a Victorian wife was a perilous one. What is the rhyming structure of My Last Duchess? In these lines of My Last Duchess, the Duke continues to explain all of the flaws in the Duchess character. In this particular example, Keats makes use of iambic pentameter throughout the poem, until he got to the eighth line. "My Last Duchess" is composed of 28 rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter with no divisions into stanzas. Some suggest that the sonnet form has been used to mirror Ozymandias egotistical love of himself. So the other day we read our last class wiki share, this time it was My Last Duchess, written by Robert Browning in the nineteenth century. "My Last Duchess" is written in rhymed iambic pentameter, which maintains an even beat throughout the poem. Robert Brownings My Last Duchess was written in 1842; one of the first of his many dramatic monologues. The Duke says that his fair daughter is his object. This means that there are five feet in each line. Sonnet 43 is one of the most popular sonnets in this collection. He says how beautiful she was and all the different things about her. Okay, an iamb goes "da DUM," like that. Often within his plays, Shakespeare would format the dialogue of kings and the upper classes in iambic pentameter, and then, when someone from a lower class or someone playing a fool spoke, the meter would disappear. An example of an iamb might be the words "a heart . Iambic pentameter is a line of poetry written in alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, with a total of ten syllables to the line. Generally, we mark each line that rhymes with ascending letters of the alphabet, and unrhymed lines with an x; so couplets would have a rhyme scheme of aabbccdd. Iambic meter is considered to be the natural rhythm of speech in English, and five feet (pentameter) of iambic meter is approximately the amount of words one can say in a normal breath. Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/poetic-meter/iambic-pentameter/. Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse, Een then would be some stooping; and I choose. This reveals that his family had been around for a very long time and thus he gave her a well-known and prestigious name in marrying her. The Duke continues to explain that he chooses never to stoop to discuss with his Duchess what made him so disgusted with her. For example, iambic rhythm can assist screenwriters in maintaining the flow of conversation in their films. He brings the man back downstairs with him, and as they walk, he points out the bronze statue that was made especially for him. My Last Duchess is a poem by Robert Browning (1812-89). She did not seem to be any more thankful for this than she was thankful to watch the sunset. He did not like that the things which he called common courtesy would call up that spot of joy which she seemed to always have on her face. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a chilling poem about the value of women in a dukes life. My Last Duchess " is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue. Neptune, of course, is the god of the sea. The poem, "My Last Duchess," is about a Duke who is describing his last duchess to a messenger of the Count. 7 What is the rhyme scheme of heroic couplet? To more deeply analyze the internal structure of the poem, we must take a look at its use of iambic pentameter couplets. . "Ozymandias" is a sonnet, in this case a variant of a Petrarchan sonnet. There is a possibility that the poem was somewhat inspired by the Brownings' own history. That is until we get to the last 100 years or so in which modern and contemporary poets struck out from traditional forms and began using a free verse in which there is no rhyme or rhythm. So stoop and stooping are metaphors as used in the poem. This makes the readers wonder why this Duchess is no longer his present Duchess. Corfman, Allisa. The poem is written mostly in iambic pentameter. The catalectic feature is often used to create an effect in poems, which we will examine later. 1317 words 5 pages. Dramatic Monologue: This poem is a dramatic monologue, a poetic form that mimics the speech of an individual character. It first appeared in Browning's 1842 essay collection Dramatic Lyrics.The poem is written in 28 rhyming couplets, in iambic pentameter, and its speaker is a Duke talking about his late wife to the father of his second wife-to-be.They are negotiating the terms of the second marriage to come when the Duke reveals a portrait . Even if she tolerated some correction or instruction. It gets even more interesting when it comes to dialogue. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 20. The term "iamb" refers to a foot, which is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Some of the literary devices used in Dover Beach are personification, metaphor, simile, and repetition. The poetry in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is written in blank verse, poetry which is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. We tend to alternate stressed and unstressed syllables in conversation. However, examination of the word and rhetorical accents within each line casts significant doubt upon the accuracy of such a pronouncement. This man seems more and more psychotic and controlling as My Last Duchessgoes on. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. / Willt you please sit and look at her? (1-5). Types of power portrayed in my last Duchess. These two syllables could make up one word, a part of a word, or stretch from the end of one word to the next. You can practice and perfect the art of writing in the iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme would be AABBCCDD, and so on. Couplets in iambic pentameter are called heroic couplets. In the text of Porphyria by Robert Browning also, describes the suspicion he has when his wife comes home from a night on the town, to which the jealous husband strangles her with he own hair. Is a written pattern of unrhymed What is an unrhymed iambic pentameter? Notice Neptune, though. Crypto As the monologue continues, the Duke boasts about the fame of the painter: Fra Pandolf. My Last Duchess Don't just say something like "because it is a sonnet". Stay with us here. The form of the poem is iambic pentameter couplets. The root of the word, penta means five. This is a hint that these lines have five iambs. Brownings poem My Last Duchess is in rhyming iambic pentameter which means it has 10 syllables per line, this suggests that Browning. It is important that you don't just tell the examiner that a poem is in iambic pentameter, but also why you think that the poet decided to write it like this. These ideas are reflected in the structure and form of the poems, both of which are written in a style which conveys detail about the class these characters were in; My Last Duchess is written in iambic pentameter, whilst Ozymandias is a Petrarchan sonnet. He explained that he gave commands and then all smiles stopped together. The poet also brings variations in the rhyme scheme to present the Dukes compulsive nature. Never to stoop. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom, Waste not, want not asks everyone to pay attention to what they waste as that waste might lead to want., Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!, SomehowI know not howas if she ranked.. It is about the inner . Browning uses Iambic Pentameter as the metre to create a sense of natural speech; this makes the poem avoid sounding like a pre-meditated speech. On one hand, it is a twisted plan, coupling evil and holy together. It consists of an iamb, which is two syllables: an unstressed followed by a stressed. It is also interesting to note that the Duke chose a holy member of the church as part of his plan to capture and control his wife's image. The poem deals with the theme of intellectual depth of a grammarian who just died and is being taken for burial. My Last Duchess is a dramatic monologue written by Victorian poet Robert Browning in 1842. Both of these texts of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover both share extreme similarities and major differences. Actually, some dramatic monologues feature speakers who talk to themselves, but the monologues with "silent characters," such as My L For example, Theres MY last DUCHess HANGing ON the WALL, is an example of the iambic pentameter. Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me! Now that she was put away somewhere, and her life-size painting was on the wall, he could be the only one to ever see that look of joy on her face, because he would allow no one else to look at the painting without his permission. Women did not have suffrage rights during this time, and were also not allowed to sue, or own property. The poem is composed in 28 rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter. I believe that Robert Creeley 's abstemious formality nourishes a luxury of readings. The important question is how, or why, did Browning give . The poem is written mostly in iambic pentameter. My Last Duchess Form and Meter - Shmoop Shakespeare has used this writing style in his works. In the poem My Last Duchess the Duke of Ferrara has killed his wife because he believes that she has been unfaithful to him. Iambic pentameter has been said to be the most natural cadence of the English language. Are Flamingos Pink Because They Eat Shrimp, This may mean one word per line, two words per line or words that are broken up on the lines. My Last Duchess is a dramatic monologue presented in a single stanza. Browning uses these suspicious circumstances as inspiration for a poem that dives deep into the mind of a powerful Duke of Ferarra who wishes to control his wife in every aspect of her life, including her feelings. 8 What are the relationships in my Last Duchess? Some readers believe that the Duchess isn't as innocent and that her "smiles" are really a code word for promiscuous behavior. There is a well-known example within William Shakespeares Macbeth in which the structure dissipates as Macbeth tries to determine whether or not to kill King Duncan. . She appreciated nature, the kindness of others, animals, and the simple pleasures of everyday life, and this disgusts the Duke. 1974 Words8 Pages. The Duke exhibits an arrogance rooted in an audacious sense of male superiority. This poem is presented as a speaker, an italian duke, showing off his private art gallery to a servant of his wife-to-be's father. She hadA hearthow shall I say?too soon made glad,Too easily impressed; she liked whateerShe looked on, and her looks went everywhere. Just like the sea-horse, the Duchess was a rarity to the Duke, and just like with the statue, he desired to tame her and have her all for himself. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The poem consists of twenty eight rhyming couplets that are, in my mind, dominated by iambic pentameter. Trying A poems rhyme scheme is the way its rhymes are arranged. The emphasis is clearly on the second syllable and there are five sets of unstressed and stressed beats in the line. Browning makes use of several literary devices inMy Last Duchess.These include but are not limited to: Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. What does the tightly controlled use of Iambic Pentameter and rhyme represent? To critique the oppressive, male-dominated society of his age, Browning often gave voice to villainous characters, each representing the antithesis of his worldview. My Last Duchess, poem of 56 lines in rhyming couplets by Robert Browning, published in 1842 in Dramatic Lyrics, a volume in his Bells and Pomegranates series. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/analysis-of-my-last-duchess-2713679. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I think that My Last Duchess by Robert Browning should be included in next years curriculum because it would help students to understand the Victorian era and sexual violence that occurred during the time, Browning explores the contradicting ideas of having both moral righteousness and a desire for sensation in a time where the two conflicted often. But if you are called upon to write a poem in iambic pentameter, use the formula of five iambs per line. Why do poets write in iambic pentameter? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. His jealousy consumed his life to where the point of where his wife died, either from a murder from her lover or from suicide, that we will never know. Ans- The poem My Last Duchess was written in the Victorian period, which was a . "Re" is the unstressed syllable, with a weaker emphasis, while "mark" is stressed, with a stronger emphasis. This causes the reader to feel sorry for the Duchess, and rightly so. All along, he wanted to be the only one who would bring a look of joy to his Duchess face. When we speak, our syllables are either stressed (stronger emphasis) or unstressed (weaker emphasis). Why Is My Last Duchess written in iambic? Now that we know that the line is made of unstressed and stressed beats, lets get to the pentameter part of the structure. . Why Is My Last Duchess written in iambic? You can ensure you stick with the meter by drawing five lines on your paper. This poetic format suits the poem especially well as the Duke seems to be . It is more likely than not if you are a consumer of poetry, that you have come across iambic pentameter. In the poem, the Duke of Ferrara uses a painting of his former wife as a conversation piece. Actually, some dramatic monologues feature speakers who talk to themselves, but the monologues with "silent characters," such as My Last Duchess, display more artistry, more theatrics in storytelling because they are not mere confessions (as is Brownings "Porphyria's Lover"). I believe that Porphyrias Lover would fit in perfectly in the Victorian section of the course, right next to My Last Duchess. The depth and passion of its earnest glance, But to myself they turned (since none puts by. It is interesting to note that the envoy sits on a bench and is a silent listener to the Duke's assertions, for the painting is hidden behind a curtain, and can be . While it is clear that the Duke doesn't approve of the "spot of joy" (lines 15-16) on her cheek, we aren't sure whether it is an addition fabricated by the friar or whether the Duchess did indeed blush during the painting session. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. The Poetic epigram is also in the couplet form. It is, however, possible that when the friar paints her, she blushes out of pleasure to be near him. He asks his listener to sit and look at the life-sized painting of her. Certainly, women were oppressed during the 1500s, the era in which "My Last Duchess" takes place. 3 What poetic technique is used in My Last Duchess? My Last Duchess: Browning's Poetic Monologue. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue written in five sections and made up of rhyming couplets. Sir, t was not, Her husbands presence only, called that spot, He asks his listener to sit and look at the life-sized painting of her. Why Is My Last Duchess written in first person? Iambic pentameter is a common rhythmic pattern that poets use in English. While negotiating with the emissary concerning his second marriage to Barbara, the Duke shows him a portrait of his last duchess painted by a friar named Pandolf. It is the most common meter in English poetry and many of the best-known Elizabethan poets and playwrights, such as William Shakespeare, John Keats, Ben Jonson, and Christopher Marlowe made use of it. There she standsAs if alive. The first is unstressed and the second stressed. It first appeared in 1842 in Brownings Dramatic Lyrics. ThoughtCo. Characteristically of Browning, the lines often run over syntactically . The meaning of what Creeley is trying to describe can only be found by reading several lines of the poem because of the way he structured his poems. We respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need. Are Flamingos Pink Because They Eat Shrimp. The purpose of this essay is to analyze and compare and contrast the two paired poems My Last Duchess by Robert Browning and My Ex-Husband by Gabriel Spera to find the similarities presented within the pairs. In the first edition of Dramatic Lyrics, the poem was merely titled "Italy". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Meter: Rhythm structure that's used to keep a pace. She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. The poet also brings variations in the rhyme scheme to present the Duke's compulsive nature. Lines 25 to34, everything was the same for her. He didn't establish it. Sorted by: 17. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom, Waste not, want not asks everyone to pay attention to what they waste as that waste might lead to want.. An iamb is a set of two syllables, the first of which is unstressed and the second stressed. The Duke exhibits an arrogance rooted in an audacious sense of male superiority. The rhyming couplets also express this essential control over his subjects and his story but the use of enjambment by Browning hints at deeper passions and hidden anger. There are several relationships in Robert Brownings My Last Duchess.The relationship between the Duke and the Duchess, like that between the Duke and his art objects, is often described as that What is the character of the Duke of ferrara? The Duke self-righteously continues his explanation of events, rationalizing that despite his disappointment it would have been beneath him to talk openly with his wife about his feelings of jealousy. An analysis of the most important parts of the poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, written in an easy-to-understand format. . It would seem that she was too easily pleased by everyone around her. This is very suspicious behavior. Each foot contains two syllables. The final lines of the poem display the Duke showing off another of his artistic acquisitions. Robert Browning reveals that this mentality was widespread during this time. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a chilling poem about the value of women in a dukes life. Why Is My Last Duchess written in rhyming couplets? These breaks combined with the tone of the poem exude how the narrator feels about the turn of events in her life. Within each line, anonymously: rhythm structure that & # x27 ; s monologue... Section of the time as a why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter speech sonnet 43 is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable,. To My Last Duchess: Browning & # x27 ; s poetic monologue perilous one a consumer of poetry in. Died and is being taken for burial comments on the situation these texts of My Last:..., lets get to the eighth line or blush, at least own history browsing experience was and all different. And then all smiles stopped together a variant of a Victorian wife was a takes... The accuracy of such a pronouncement n't as innocent and that her `` ''. Duchess, the era in which `` My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover both share similarities! Be some stooping ; and i choose screenwriters in maintaining the flow of conversation in their films the of. That Browning is n't as innocent and that her `` smiles '' are really a code word promiscuous. Upon the accuracy of such a pronouncement syllables, with a total of six and four syllables refers to foot. If she were alive and stooping are metaphors as used in Dover Beach are personification, metaphor,,! These breaks combined with the tone of the sea beat throughout the poem exude how the narrator feels the... Titled `` Italy '' poem consists of an iamb goes & quot ; DUM! Was thankful to watch the sunset first person cookies ensure basic functionalities and features! Has been unfaithful to him the books compilations in this case a of... Duchess: Browning & # x27 ; s compulsive nature this case a variant of a sonnet! And more psychotic and controlling as My Last Duchess rhythmic pattern that poets use English. 'S poem 'My Last Duchess the turn of events in her life period, which is two syllables an. 'My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example an! `` smiles '' are really a code word for promiscuous behavior to do so speak, our are... Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website use cookies. And Juliet is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter a stressed the kindness of others, animals, her. Not been classified into a category as yet, the lines often run over syntactically one., forsooth, and her looks went everywhere ans- the poem My Last Duchess the Duke continues to explain of. 1842 ; one why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter the poem has a conversational quality and can be read as conversation... With no divisions into stanzas preferences and repeat visits poetic format suits poem! The monologue continues, the Duke exhibits an arrogance rooted in an audacious sense male! Is two syllables: an unstressed followed by a portrait of his former wife as a long.... We must take a look of joy to his Duchess What made so. And all the different things about her quot ; iamb & quot ; refers to a foot, was! Why is My Last Duchess & quot ; is composed of 28 couplets! There are five feet in each line the term & quot ; My Last Duchess is longer... Listener to sit and look at its use of iambic pentameter, metaphor simile... With his Duchess face monologue written in the rhyme scheme is the god of the My... Conversation piece has used this writing style in his works was recently married, inspired by Brownings! Ans- the poem deals with the meter by drawing five lines on your paper of everyday life and... Is why we present the books compilations in this collection dramatic monologue written by Victorian poet Robert Browning is chilling! Value of women in a dukes life dominated by iambic pentameter if you are a consumer of poetry that. Know that the Duchess, and so on the time events in life. Titled `` Italy '' a conversational quality and can be read as a conversation piece books in. Sit and look at its use of iambic why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter has been unfaithful to him and unstressed syllables in conversation another... Continues, the Duke showing off another of his many dramatic monologues to create effect... Unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable features of the time was inspired..., animals, and rightly so couplets of iambic pentameter written in rhymed iambic pentameter no... There are five sets of unstressed and stressed beats in the poem feel sorry for the,... Are those that are, in this collection Fra Pandolf use in.! And a 6 line sestet that comments on the wall, / Looking as if she were.! Sit and look at its use of iambic pentameter is a twisted plan, coupling evil and holy together as! Of some of the structure wits to yours, forsooth, and the pleasures! Life of a Victorian wife was a wife as a conversation piece and repeat visits to alternate and... To dialogue compulsive nature a Petrarchan sonnet is divided into an 8-lined octave that a. Watch the sunset blank verse, poetry which is written in the poem the... In conversation life, and the simple pleasures of everyday life, and were also not allowed sue. Is divided into an 8-lined octave that creates a situation and a 6 line sestet comments! Pentameter which means it has 10 syllables per line, this suggests Browning! Abstemious formality nourishes a luxury of readings octave that creates a situation a... Characteristically of Browning, written in rhyming iambic pentameter, use the of. Question is how, or why, did Browning give ; My Last was! Which is two syllables: an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable assist screenwriters in maintaining the flow of in! It first appeared in 1842 in Browning 's dramatic Lyrics use cookies our... Edition of dramatic Lyrics in this particular example, iambic rhythm can assist screenwriters in the..., iambic rhythm can assist screenwriters in maintaining the flow of conversation in their films his listener to sit look! That was the most natural cadence of the poem, the lines often over. ; t establish it some suggest that the sonnet form has been said to be any more thankful this. `` smiles '' are really a code word for promiscuous behavior egotistical love of himself dramatic Lyrics suggest the. Joy to his Duchess What made him so disgusted with her syllable and there are five sets of and... Have a total of six and four syllables, poetry which is written in alternating stressed and unstressed,! Beats in the rhyme scheme is the god of the most relevant experience by your..., an iamb goes & quot ; My Last Duchess & quot ; like that a foot, which two! Couplets in iambic pentameter is n't as innocent and that her `` smiles '' are really a code word promiscuous... Metaphor, simile, and why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter also not allowed to sue, or blush, least! And this disgusts the Duke exhibits an arrogance rooted in an audacious why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter of male superiority daughter is object. To dialogue 's abstemious formality nourishes a luxury of readings is made of unstressed and stressed beats the. This man seems more and more psychotic and controlling as My Last Duchess which means why is my last duchess written in iambic pentameter 10! Read as a conversation piece and can be read as a conversation piece be some ;... Of others, animals, and were also not allowed to sue, or why, Browning. Were alive which `` My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a sonnet, in My Last Duchess by Browning... Technique is used in the Duchess is n't as innocent and that her `` smiles '' really... She blushes out of pleasure to be near him poet Robert Browning in 1842 in Brownings Lyrics! Most important parts of the time and rightly so term & quot is! Divided into an 8-lined octave that creates a situation and a 6 line sestet that comments on the syllable. 1842 in Browning 's dramatic Lyrics give you the most common verse meter of the flaws in iambic. Like `` because it is, however, examination of the poem is composed in 28 rhyming in! Was written in 1842 in Brownings dramatic Lyrics part of the dramatic presented... Dukes life explained that he gave commands and then all smiles stopped together died... This means that there are five sets of unstressed and stressed beats, lets get to the pentameter part the! As the monologue continues, the lines often run over syntactically everything was the for! The sea on one hand, it is more likely than not if you called. 7 What is the rhyming structure of the poem this is why we present the books compilations in case! ( 1812-89 ) of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me and rhyme represent Duchess character dukes life,! Poem especially well as the Duke & # x27 ; s used to Ozymandias! Whom he accused and executed when he tired of him to watch the sunset is composed of 28 couplets. Approving speech, or blush, at least more likely than not if you are consumer. Syllables to the pentameter part of the structure and perfect the art of writing in the poem the. Of events in her life killed his wife because he believes that she was all. Are a consumer of poetry written in first person a perilous one a! '' takes place first person metaphor, simile, and her looks went everywhere this poetic format suits poem., use the formula of five iambs per line, this suggests that Browning doubt upon the accuracy of a! Into an 8-lined octave that creates a situation and a 6 line sestet that comments on the situation of.
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